television sets

• телевизор

• телевизор със сив филтър пред екрана

• цветен телевизор

- cable television

- colour television

Общая лексика: подверженный краже груз (Vulnerable cargo are goods which are extremely liable to be stolen and are readily marketable such as cameras, watches, souvenirs, television sets, radio sets, sem)

by [baɪ]

de côté ⇒ 1 (b) près de ⇒ 2 (a) au bord de ⇒ 2 (a) devant ⇒ 2 (b) par ⇒ 2 (c)-(f), 2 (h), 2 (o), 2 (q) à ⇒ 2 (d), 2 (p), 2 (q) en ⇒ 2 (d), 2 (q) de ⇒ 2 (g), 2 (m), 2 (n)

1 adverb

(a) (past)

∎ she drove by without stopping elle est passée (en voiture) sans s'arrêter;

∎ he managed to squeeze by il a réussi à passer (en se faufilant);

∎ if you see him, just walk on by si tu le vois, ne t'arrête pas;

∎ two hours have gone by deux heures ont passé;

∎ as time went by he became less bitter avec le temps il est devenu moins amer

(b) (aside, away) de côté;

∎ to lay or put sth by mettre qch de côté;

∎ she put some money by for her old age elle a mis de l'argent de côté pour ses vieux jours

(c) (nearby)

∎ is there a bank close by? y a-t-il une banque près d'ici?;

∎ she sat or stood by while they operated elle est restée là pendant qu'ils opéraient;

∎ figurative how can you just sit or stand by while he suffers? comment peux-tu rester là sans rien faire alors qu'il souffre?;

∎ stand by in case of an emergency ne vous éloignez pas au cas où il y aurait une urgence

(d) (to, at someone's home)

∎ I'll stop or drop by this evening je passerai ce soir;

∎ your mother came by this morning ta mère est passée ce matin

2 preposition

(a) (near, beside) près de, à côté de;

∎ by a stream au bord ou près d'un ruisseau;

∎ by the sea au bord de la mer;

∎ she parked her car by the kerb elle gara sa voiture au bord du trottoir;

∎ come and sit by me or my side viens t'asseoir près ou auprès de moi;

∎ sitting by the fire assis près du feu;

∎ don't stand by the door ne restez pas debout près de la porte

(b) (past) devant;

∎ she walked right by me elle passa juste devant moi;

∎ I drive by the school every day je passe (en voiture) devant l'école tous les jours

(c) (through) par;

∎ she left by the back door elle est partie par la porte de derrière

(d) (indicating means, method)

∎ to pay by cheque payer par chèque;

∎ by letter/phone par courrier/téléphone;

∎ to go by bus/car/plane/train aller en autobus/voiture/avion/train;

∎ send it by plane/ship envoyez-le par avion/bateau;

∎ by land/sea par (voie de) terre/mer;

∎ by land and sea par terre et par mer;

∎ it's quicker by train ça va plus vite en train;

∎ I know her by name/sight je la connais de nom/vue;

∎ literary he died by his own hand il est mort de sa propre main;

∎ you must wash it by hand il faut le laver à la main;

∎ was it made by hand/machine? a-t-il été fait à la main/machine?;

∎ by candlelight à la lumière d'une bougie;

∎ by moonlight au clair de lune;

∎ I can do it by myself je peux le faire (tout) seul;

∎ I'm all by myself tonight je suis tout seul ce soir

(e) (indicating agent or cause) par;

∎ it was built by the Romans il fut construit par les Romains;

∎ the house was surrounded by the police la police a cerné la maison;

∎ I was shocked by his reaction sa réaction m'a choqué;

∎ she had two daughters by him elle a eu deux filles de lui;

∎ she has a daughter by her first marriage/husband elle a une fille de son premier mariage/mari

(f) (as a result of) par; (with present participle) en;

∎ by chance/mistake par hasard/erreur;

∎ by working overtime he managed to pay off his debts en faisant des heures supplémentaires il a réussi à rembourser ses dettes;

∎ I'll lose by doing it j'y perdrai;

∎ he learned to cook by watching his mother il a appris à faire la cuisine en regardant sa mère

(g) (indicating authorship) de;

∎ a book by Toni Morrison un livre de Toni Morrison;

∎ a quartet by Schubert un quatuor de Schubert

(h) (indicating part of person, thing held) par;

∎ carry it by the handle prends-le par la poignée;

∎ she took her by the hand elle l'a prise par la main;

∎ he seized him by the collar il l'a saisi par le col

(i) (not later than, before)

∎ she'll be here by tonight/five o'clock elle sera ici avant ce soir/pour cinq heures;

∎ it must be done by tomorrow ça doit être fait pour demain;

∎ I'll have finished by Friday j'aurai fini pour vendredi;

∎ by the end of the 21st century illiteracy should be stamped out d'ici la fin du XXIème siècle l'analphabétisme devrait avoir disparu;

∎ by 1960 most Americans had television sets en 1960 la plupart des Américains avaient déjà un poste de télévision;

∎ by the time you read this letter I'll be in California lorsque tu liras cette lettre, je serai en Californie;

∎ by the time the police came the thieves had left le temps que la police arrive ou lorsque la police arriva, les voleurs étaient déjà partis;

∎ he should be in India by now il devrait être en Inde maintenant;

∎ she had already married by then à ce moment-là elle était déjà mariée

(j) (during)

∎ by daylight au jour, à la lumière du jour;

∎ he works by night and sleeps by day il travaille la nuit et dort le jour

(k) (according to) d'après;

∎ to call sb by his/her name appeler qn par son nom;

∎ they're rich, even by American standards ils sont riches même par rapport aux normes américaines;

∎ it's 6:15 by my watch il est 6 heures 15 à ou d'après ma montre;

∎ you can tell he's lying by the expression on his face on voit qu'il ment à l'expression de son visage

(l) (in accordance with) selon, d'après;

∎ by law selon ou d'après la loi;

∎ Sport & figurative to play by the rules faire les choses dans les règles

(m) (with regard to) de;

∎ to do one's duty by sb faire son devoir envers qn;

∎ she's Canadian by birth elle est canadienne de naissance;

∎ cheerful by nature gai par nature, d'un naturel gai;

∎ he's an actor by trade or profession il est acteur de profession;

∎ familiar it's all right by me moi, je suis d'accord ou je n'ai rien contre;

∎ familiar if that's okay by you si ça te va, si tu es d'accord^□

(n) (indicating degree, extent) de;

∎ Sport she won by five points elle a gagné de cinq points;

∎ I missed the train by less than a minute j'ai manqué le train de moins d'une minute;

∎ she's older than her husband by five years elle est plus âgée que son mari de cinq ans;

∎ increase your income by half augmentez vos revenus de 50 pour cent;

∎ they overcharged me by ten percent ils m'ont compté dix pour cent en trop;

∎ his second book is better by far son deuxième livre est nettement meilleur

(o) (in calculations, measurements)

∎ multiply/divide 12 by 6 multipliez/divisez 12 par 6;

∎ the room is 6 metres by 3 (metres) la pièce fait 6 mètres sur 3 (mètres)

(p) (indicating specific amount, duration)

∎ to be paid by the hour/week/month être payé à l'heure/à la semaine/au mois;

∎ Commerce they only sell by the kilo ils ne vendent qu'au kilo;

∎ Commerce it sold by the thousand ça s'est vendu par milliers;

∎ he rents his room by the week il loue sa chambre à la semaine

(q) (indicating rate or speed)

∎ little by little peu à peu;

∎ day by day jour par jour, de jour en jour;

∎ year by year d'année en année;

∎ two by two deux par deux

(r) (used with points of the compass) quart;

∎ north by west nord-quart-nord-ouest

3 by and by adverb

literary bientôt

4 by the by

1 adverb

à propos

2 adjective

∎ that's by the by ça n'a pas d'importance

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

◊ -ca adjetivo: es manco de un brazo/una mano he only has one arm/hand

1 parola; termine; vocabolo: He is a man of few words, è un uomo di poche parole; Don't breathe ( o mention o say) a word about it, non farne parola a nessuno!; non fiatare!; to have a few words with sb., scambiare qualche parola con q.; to mark sb. 's words, fare attenzione a quello che dice q.; ascoltare bene q.; «Good» is not the word for him, «buono» non è il termine adatto per lui; How many English words do you know?, quanti vocaboli inglesi conosci?; good words, buone parole; parole di consolazione (o d'incoraggiamento); harsh words, parole aspre (o dure); rude words, parolacce; in one's own words, con parole proprie; dying words, ultime parole ( prima della morte); key word, parola chiave

2 [u] notizia; notizie; messaggio: Word came that the enemy was approaching, giunse notizia che l'esercito nemico si stava avvicinando; to send word, mandare a dire; far sapere; to spread the word, diffondere la notizia; I've had no word from him yet, sono ancora senza sue notizie; non ho ricevuto alcun messaggio da lui; No word from home, nessuna notizia da casa

3 (= word of honour) parola (d'onore); promessa: to keep (o to stick to) one's word, mantenere la parola (o le promesse); He gave his word, diede la sua parola (d'onore); He is a man of his word, è un uomo di parola; You can take my word for it, puoi credermi sulla parola

4 (mil.) parola d'ordine; (fig.) motto; comando; ordine; segnale: Sharp's the word, il nostro motto è «far presto!»; The boss will give the word to start, il capo darà il segnale della partenza

5 (comput.) parola; word

6 – (relig.) the Word, il Verbo; il Vangelo; la Parola di Dio

7 ( preceduto da una maiuscola, che sta per una parola sgradita o volgare) parola tabù: the F-word, la parola che comincia per ‘f’ (= fuck)

8 ( slang) – the word, informazione; notizia: The word is out he won't run again, si dice in giro che non ripresenterà la propria candidatura; to put out the word to sb., informare q.; passare parola a q.

● (med.) word blind, affetto da cecità verbale (o da alessia, da dislessia) □ (med.) word blindness, cecità verbale; alessia; dislessia □ word-bound, impacciato nel parlare; che non vuol parlare □ (gramm.) word building (o word formation), formazione delle parole □ (med.) word deaf, affetto da afasia acustica (o da sordità verbale) □ (med.) word deafness, sordità verbale; afasia acuta □ word for word, parola per parola; alla lettera; letteralmente: to translate word for word, tradurre alla lettera □ word game, gioco linguistico; gioco di vocabolario □ a word in season, una parola al momento giusto; un consiglio opportuno □ (mil.) word of command, comando; ordine □ word-of-mouth = by word of mouth ► sotto □ (gramm.) word order, costruzione della frase □ a word out of season, un consiglio inopportuno; un intervento fuori luogo □ (fig.) a word-painter, un narratore pittoresco □ word-perfect, che sa perfettamente a memoria una poesia (o una parte teatrale, ecc.); ( di un testo) perfetto nei minimi particolari □ word picture, descrizione vivida, icastica □ (comput.) word processing, word processing; elaborazione di testi □ (comput.) word processor, word processor ( programma di elaborazione di testi) □ word-splitter, sofista; pedante; chi spacca un capello in quattro □ word-splitting, (agg.) pedantesco; (sost.) sofisticheria, pedanteria □ word square, quadrato magico ( nell' enigmistica) □ (comput.) word wrapping, ritorno a capo (automatico) □ to be as good as one's word, essere un uomo di parola; mantenere le promesse □ beyond words, indicibile; in modo indicibile, indicibilmente □ big words, parole grosse; vanterie; fanfaronate; insulti □ to break one's word, non tener fede alla parola data; non mantenere le promesse □ by word of mouth, oralmente; verbalmente; a viva voce; mediante il passaparola □ to coin words, coniare parole nuove □ to eat one's words, rimangiarsi le proprie parole; ritrattare; ammettere il proprio torto □ (fig.) from the word go, fin dall'inizio □ (fig.) to hang on sb. 's words, pendere dalle labbra di q.; ascoltare q. con grande attenzione □ to have (o to get) the last word, aver l'ultima parola □ to have words with sb., venire a parole (o avere un diverbio) con q. □ to be honest in word and deed, essere onesto a parole e nei fatti □ in a (o in one) word, in una parola; in breve □ in words, in parole; in lettere: The amount to be paid must be expressed in words as well as in figures, la somma da pagare va indicata sia in cifre che in lettere □ in other words, in altre parole; in altri termini □ in so many words, esattamente; in tutte lettere; esplicitamente: He didn't say that in so many words, but that's what he meant, non lo disse esplicitamente, ma questo è ciò che voleva dire □ (fig.) the last word in, l'ultima novità in fatto di: This is the last word in television sets, questa è l'ultima novità in fatto di televisori □ to leave word, lasciar detto (qc. a q.) □ on (o with) the word, detto fatto; subito; immediatamente □ to proceed from words to blows, passare (dalle parole) alle vie di fatto □ to put one's fears into words, manifestare i propri timori □ to put one's thoughts into words, tradurre in parole i propri pensieri □ to say (o to put in) a good word for sb., dire (o mettere) una buona parola in favore di q.; raccomandare q. □ (fam.) to say the word, dire la parola decisiva; dare la propria approvazione; dare l'ordine (di cominciare qc.) □ to take sb. at his word, prendere q. in parola □ (fam.) to take sb. 's word for it, credere a q. sulla parola □ to take words for things, scambiare le parole per fatti □ to take the words out of sb. 's mouth, togliere la parola di bocca a q. □ to waste words on sb., sprecare il fiato con q. □ to weigh one's words, pesare (o misurare) le parole □ His word is as good as his bond, la sua parola è più che sufficiente; la sua parola vale un impegno scritto □ Upon my word!, parola (d'onore)!; sul mio onore! □ My word!, perbacco! □ (fig.) He hasn't a word to throw at a dog, non rivolge la parola a nessuno □ A word in your ear, voglio dirti due parole in privato □ (prov.) A word to the wise is enough, a buon intenditor poche parole □ (prov.) Good words without deeds are rushes and reeds, belle parole e cattivi fatti ingannano savi e matti □ (prov.) Kind words go a long way, le buone parole possono molto; con le buone si fa tutto □ (prov.) Words are but wind, le parole volano (cfr. lat. «Verba volant, scripta manent»).

mettere in parole; esprimere; formulare; redigere; scrivere: I don't know how to word this letter, non so come formulare questa lettera; The report must be worded clearly, la relazione va redatta in modo chiaro; It should be worded differently, bisognerebbe dire la cosa con parole diverse; a well-worded letter, una lettera scritta bene ( con precisione di linguaggio)

● a message worded as follows, un messaggio così concepito (o del seguente tenore).

гл.; книжн.

1) ( bestir oneself) шевелиться, встряхиваться, энергично браться за дело

2) редк. расшевеливать, побуждать к деятельности

•

1)

а) распространяться (о знаниях и т. п.)

б) быстро увеличиваться ( в количестве), разрастаться

2) производить в большом количестве

3) биол. пролиферировать, размножаться, разрастаться путем новообразований

фраз. гл. распродавать со скидкой

   As of 2004-05, Portugal had 4.2 million telephone main lines in use but, in the ownership of cell or mobile phones, the Portuguese were perhaps world record-holders, with 10,362,100 cellphones in use, a rate of about one per inhabitant. Its international telephone system uses six submarine cables, as well as connections with several satellites. Its telephone system is advanced, with broadband, high-speed capabilities. Radio ownership was estimated to be well over 3 million, and there are over 110 radio broadcast stations (both AM and FM). More than 3.3 million television sets are owned.

SUBJECT AREA: Automotive engineering, Civil engineering, Land transport, Railways and locomotives

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Little is known of Shaw's youth, but in the 1930s he was running a comparatively successful business repairing roads. One evening in 1933, he was driving to his home in Halifax, West Yorkshire; it was late, dark and foggy and only the reflection of his headlights from the tram-tracks guided him and kept him on the road. He decided to find or make an alternative to tramlines, which were not universal and by that time were being taken up as trams were being replaced with diesel buses.

Shaw needed a place to work and bought the old Boothtown Mansion, a cloth-merchant's house built in the mid-eighteenth century. There he devoted himself to the production of a prototype of the reflecting roadstud, inspired by the reflective nature of a cat's eyes. Shaw's design consisted of a prism backed by an aluminium mirror, set in pairs in a rubber casing; when traffic passed over the stud, the prisms would be wiped clean as the casing was depressed. In 1934, Shaw obtained permission from the county surveyor to lay, at his own expense, a short stretch of catseyes on a main highway near his home: fifty were laid at Brightlington cross-roads, an accident blackspot near Bradford. This was inspected by a number of surveyors in 1936. The first order for catseyes had already been placed in 1935, for a pedestrian crossing in Baldon, Yorkshire. There were alternative designs in existence, particularly in France, and in 1937 the Ministry of Transport laid an 8 km (5 mile) stretch in Oxfordshire with sample lengths of different types of studs. After two years, most of them had fractured, become displaced or ceased to reflect; only the product of Shaw's company, Reflecting Roadstuds Ltd, was still in perfect condition. The outbreak of the Second World War brought blackout regulations, which caused a great boost to sales of reflecting roadstuds; orders reached some 40,000 per week. Production was limited, however, due to the shortage of rubber supplies after the Japanese overran South-East Asia; until the end of the war, only about 12,000 catseyes were produced a year.

Over fifty million catseyes have been installed in Britain, where on average there are about two hundred and fifty catseyes in each kilometre of road, if laid in a single line. The success of Shaw's invention brought him great wealth, although he continued to live in the same house, without curtains—which obstructed his view—or carpets—which harboured odours and germs. He had three Rolls-Royce cars, and four television sets which were permanently switched on while he was at home, each tuned to a different channel.

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